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131.
A computational method of energy evaluation is derived to study the elastic responses and energy distribution of actively controlled single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) structures during earthquakes. Contrary to the common perception that applying active control force pumps energy into the structure, the applied control force can actually reduce the energy in the structure by reducing the input energy from earthquakes to the structure. In addition, applying control force can dissipate a large amount of energy in the structure when this control force is applied in the direction opposite to the displacement and velocity responses. To demonstrate this energy mechanism in active controlled structures, the two most popular control algorithms, optimal linear control (OLC) and instantaneous optimal control (IOC) algorithms, are used to calculate the control response and energy spectra. One‐step time delay is incorporated into the algorithms to take into consideration the practical aspect of active control. The effects of different earthquakes and damping ratios on control energy and response spectra are studied. These studies show that both OLC and IOC are very effective in reducing the structural displacement and velocity responses by reducing the input earthquake energy as well as dissipating a large amount of energy in the structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
132.
A. G. Shtukenberg Yu. O. Punin E. Haegele H. Klapper 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2001,28(9):665-674
Optical anomalies (deviations of the symmetry of optical properties from the ideal symmetry of the crystal) occur in many
minerals and synthetic compounds and have been under investigation since the last century. An important feature of optically
anomalous mixed crystals is a high degree of optical inhomogeneity, whereas the optical patterns of mixed crystals without
anomalies are usually rather uniform. This work is devoted to the study of this phenomenon. As a model object we have chosen
mixed alum crystals, which were known for their anomalous birefringence and which revealed the following types of optical
inhomogeneities: (1) sector zoning; (2) concentric zoning; (3) subsector zoning; (4) stripes normal to growth front.
The inhomogeneity of anomalous birefringence of mixed crystals of alums can be explained by superposition of several effects:
mismatch strain, strain along dislocations and growth ordering of isomorphous components. Optical inhomogeneities due to the
sector zoning of crystals and their dislocation structure arise even under stationary growth conditions and stationary micromorphology
of the growing face. Both variable growth conditions and the relief of the growing face strongly intensify the optical inhomogeneity
due to three interrelated factors: (1) a significantly inhomogeneous mismatch strain; (2) a variable degree of ordering of
isomorphous components due to the compositional inhomogeneities; (3) different degrees of ordering of isomorphous atoms caused
by different orientations, heights and velocities of growth steps. These effects lead to the formation of subsector zoning
and zoning superimposed on the optical sector zoning. These optical structures are crossed by birefringent stripes arising
from dislocations.
Received: 29 March 2000 / Accepted: 11 March 2001 相似文献
133.
Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction experiments at high pressure conditions (0.0001–13 GPa) were performed at ESRF (Grenoble-F),
on the beamline ID9, to investigate the bulk elastic properties of natural P2/n-omphacites, with quasi-ideal composition. The monoclinic cell parameters a, b, c and β were determined as a function of pressure, and their compressibility coefficients are 0.00277(7), 0.00313(8), 0.00292(5)
and 0.00116(4) GPa−1, respectively. The third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state was used to interpolate the experimental P−V data, obtaining K
0=116.6(±2.5) GPa and K′0=6.03(±0.60). K
0 was also determined by means of the axial and angular compressibilities [122.5(±1.7) GPa], and of the finite Lagrangian strain
theory [121.5(±1.0) GPa]. The discrepancies on K
0 are discussed in the light of a comparison between techniques to determine the bulk modulus of crystalline materials from
static compression diffraction data.
Received: 22 February 2000 / Accepted: 10 July 2000 相似文献
134.
135.
Masayuki Hyodo Noritaka Aramaki Masayuki Itoh Adrian F.L. Hyde 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1996,15(5):331-336
Cyclic triaxial tests have been carried out on a skeletal carbonate sand from the west coast of Eire. Results are presented for undrained cyclic shear tests on samples with 80% of relative density consolidated under both isotropic and anisotropic conditions. Failure was defined as a 5% double amplitude cyclic strain and a 5% peak axial strain for stress-reversal and non-reversal stress conditions, respectively. Using this definition the cyclic strength for isotropically consolidated samples was affected by the confining pressure although the angular platey nature of the sand resulted in higher cyclic strengths than for a comparable silica sand. For anisotropically consolidated samples the cyclic strength increased with increasing initial static shear stress while on the other hand the cyclic strength normalised in the usual way with respect to the initial confining pressure decreased as this pressure increased. 相似文献
136.
137.
Geometrical textures of faults,evolution of physical field and instability characteristics 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Geometricaltexturesoffaults,evolutionofphysicalfieldandinstabilitycharacteristicsJINMA(马瑾),SHENG-LIMA(马胜利),LI-QIANGLIU(刘力强),Z... 相似文献
138.
通过对不同温度和围压条件下济南辉长岩的蠕变破坏实验结果和声发射特征分析,本文提出以岩石蠕变破坏应变做为岩石蠕变破坏判据。建立了岩石蠕变破坏应变的经验关系式。依据实验结果得到相应的济南辉长岩蠕变破坏应变参数,进一步探讨了预报岩石蠕变破坏和地震的方法 相似文献
139.
140.
钻孔应变,应力测量区域特征初探 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
我国钻孔应变、应力测量依不同时段区域变化形态有明显差异;短期(一月内)、中期(一年内)区域变化特征不显著。正常形态显示平稳、应变测量显示固体潮形态、应力测量显示年变形态。震前异常多呈现突升、突降式的应变阶跃、固体潮畸变、年变形态改变。长期(10年内)与其构造部位、地震活动性及区域构造运动,矢量速率有一定的相关性,因而存在着明显的区域变化特征。识别不同区域的曲线变化特征,对判定震兆信息有一定的指导作用,从而提高了应变、应力测量资料的应用价值。 相似文献